Effectiveness and Safety of Topically Applied Tranexamic Acid with Epinephrine in Surgical Procedures: A Systematic Review.

Abstract

Background: Topical tranexamic acid (TXA), often combined with epinephrine, is used to reduce perioperative bleeding. This systematic review evaluates the safety and effectiveness of this combination across surgical procedures.

Methods: A comprehensive search of eight databases was conducted from inception to 26 June 2025. Studies were eligible if they compared topically or locally applied TXA with epinephrine to epinephrine alone in surgical patients. Animal studies, case reports, non-English publications, and studies without comparators were excluded. Screening, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments followed PRISMA guidelines.

Results: Ten studies met inclusion criteria (four randomized and six non-randomized), covering burn surgery, rhytidectomy, liposuction, septoplasty, endoscopic sinus surgery, dacryocystorhinostomy, and joint arthroplasty. TXA was applied topically or via tumescent infiltration. Most studies reported reduced intraoperative blood loss, improved surgical field visibility, lower drain output, shorter hemostasis time, and reduced transfusion rates. No increase in thromboembolic or major complications was observed.

Conclusion: The combination of TXA and epinephrine appears safe and maybe effective for perioperative bleeding control. However, heterogeneity in dosing and outcomes limits generalizability. Further research is needed to standardize protocols and confirm long-term safety.