Mortality of patients with heart diseases and unplanned start of maintenance hemodialysis in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease worsens the prognosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and vice versa. This study aimed to evaluate the mortality of patients with a high CVD burden and unplanned start of maintenance hemodialysis (HD).

Methods: A retrospective study was performed at a tertiary cardiological hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Hospitalized patients ≥18 years old were identified by the public chronic kidney replacement therapy (KRT) regulatory system between 01/01/2014 and 12/31/2018. In-hospital and post-discharge mortality, along with associated risk factors, were assessed. Death information up to December 31, 2022, was obtained from the state of São Paulo mortality database.

Results: 302 patients with unplanned start of HD were included. The mean age was 65±13 years old; 68% were male. The heart conditions were as follows: 60% chronic heart failure, 27% coronary artery disease, 13% arrhythmia, and 7% valve disease. Comorbidities included: 93% hypertension, 62% diabetes, 31% dyslipidemia, and 27% known CKD. The mortality rate (deaths per 100 patient-years) was 71.4 between 0 and 3 months, 23.0 between 3 and 12 months, and 39.5 over the entire 0-to-12-month period. The factors independently associated with in-hospital death were age, heart valve disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, positive serology for hepatitis B, and need for HD catheter replacement. The factors associated with post-discharge death (mean±SD follow-up: 6.4±1.4 years) were age, presence of two or more heart diseases, and HD catheter-related infection.

Conclusion: Patients with a high burden of cardiovascular morbidity and an unplanned start of HD exhibit elevated mortality rates. Some factors independently related to poorer outcomes, such as HD catheter-related complications, could potentially be mitigated through adequate pre-dialysis care.