Advancements in Acute Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosis and Treatment: A Narrative Review of Emerging Imaging Techniques and Intravascular Interventions.

Abstract

Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, requiring rapid and precise diagnosis and effective therapy strategies. Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) is currently the gold standard technique for diagnosing PE; however, it presents some disadvantages, including limited sensitivity in detecting sub-segmental emboli and contrast-related risks. Recent advancements in imaging technologies, including Dual-Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) and Photon Counting (PC), offer improved sensitivity and specificity for APE and perfusion abnormalities detection. Digital Dynamic Radiography (DDR) perfusion imaging represents a novel imaging that allows pulmonary perfusion assessment without contrast medium administration, able to detect anomalies at the patient's bedside, representing a promising advancement, particularly for critically ill or contrast-allergic patients. In parallel, interventional radiology has become integral to APE management, particularly for high-risk and intermediate-high-risk patients, with evolving intravascular treatment techniques such as catheter-directed thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and thrombus aspiration. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest developments in APE diagnostic imaging and interventional radiology, contextualizing them within current guideline recommendations for endovascular treatment.