Aerogels Part 1: A Focus on the Most Patented Ultralight, Highly Porous Inorganic Networks and the Plethora of Their Advanced Applications.

Abstract

Aerogels (AGs) are highly porous, low-density, disordered, ultralight macroscopic materials with immense surface areas. Traditionally synthesized using aqueous sol-gel chemistry, starting by molecular precursors, the nanoparticles (NPs) dispersions gelation method is nowadays the most used procedure to obtain AGs with improved crystallinity and broader structural, morphological and compositional complexity. The Sol-gel process consists of preparing a solution by hydrolysis of different precursors, followed by gelation, ageing and a drying phase, via supercritical, freeze-drying or ambient evaporation. AGs can be classified based on various factors, such as appearance, synthetic methods, chemical origin, drying methods, microstructure, etc. Due to their nonpareil characteristics, AGs are completely different from common NPs, thus covering different and more extensive applications. AGs can be applied in supercapacitors, acoustic devices, drug delivery, thermal insulation, catalysis, electrocatalysis, gas absorption, gas separation, organic and inorganic xenobiotics removal from water and air and radionucleotides management. This review provides first an analysis on AGs according to data found in CAS Content Collection. Then, an AGs' classification based on the chemical origin of their precursors, as well as the different methods existing to prepare AGs and the current optimization strategies are discussed. Following, focusing on AGs of inorganic origin, silica and metal oxide-based AGs are reviewed, deeply discussing their properties, specific synthesis and possible uses. These classes were chosen based on the evidence that they are the most experimented, patented and marketed AGs. Several related case studies are reported, some of which have been presented in reader-friendly tables and discussed.