Gait phase recognition of children with cerebral palsy via deep learning based on IMU data from a soft ankle exoskeleton.

Abstract

Accurate gait-phase identification in children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) constitutes a pivotal prerequisite for evidence-based rehabilitation. Addressing the precise detection of gait disturbances under natural ambulation, we propose a deep-learning framework that integrates a stacked denoising autoencoder (SDA) with a long short-term memory network (SDA-LSTM) to classify four canonical gait phases. A community-oriented dataset was constructed by synchronizing ankle-mounted inertial measurement units (IMU) with plantar-pressure insoles; natural gait sequences of six children with mild CP were acquired in open environments. The SDA layer robustly extracts discriminative representations from non-stationary, high-noise signals, whereas the LSTM module models inter-phase temporal dependencies, thereby enhancing generalization cross-user. In noise-free conditions the SDA-LSTM framework attained 97.83% accuracy, significantly exceeding SVM (94.68%), random forest (96.05%), and standalone LSTM (95.86%). Under additive Gaussian noise with SNR ranging from 5 to 30 dB, the model preserved stable performance; at 10 dB SNR (Signal-to-Noise Ratio), accuracy remained 90.96%, corroborating its exceptional robustness. These findings demonstrate that SDA-LSTM effectively handles the complex, heterogeneous gait patterns of children with CP and is readily deployable for clinical assessment and exoskeletal assistance systems, indicating substantial translational potential.