Role of Myokines on the Bone Metabolism of Craniofacial Region: A Scoping Review.

Abstract

Background: The craniofacial region is functionally unique, with close interaction between muscles and bones during mastication, speech, and facial expression. Although myokines, muscle-derived signaling molecules, are increasingly being studied in relation to bone metabolism, most studies have focused on limb muscles and long bones. Given the developmental and functional specificity of craniofacial structures, this article aims to map the current evidence on myokines involved in craniofacial bone metabolism and to identify gaps in order to guide future research. Methods: We conducted a literature search in PubMed and Scopus (January 2000-July 2025), combining both free-text keywords and MeSH terms to ensure comprehensive retrieval of relevant articles. Results: Nine articles from the extensive search were included in this review that adhered to the eligibility criteria. The myokines that were reported include interleukin-6, insulin like growth factor-1, and myostatin and irisin. Conclusions: Further research is required into the mechanism by which craniofacial muscle-derived myokines regulate local bone metabolism, as this knowledge could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies that leverage myokine signaling, which could be applied in the context of orthodontic and orthognathic treatments, maxillofacial reconstruction, or age-related bone loss.