EXPRESS: Raman Spectroscopy for Monitoring Polymerization, Quality Control, and Additive Distribution in Styrene-Divinylbenzene Based Proppants.

IF 2.2 3区 化学 Q2 INSTRUMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION
Marcelo Sosa Morales, C J Pérez, María Alvarez, Lucas Fabian, José M Carella, J Pablo Tomba
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Raman spectroscopy was applied to monitor polymerization, verify quality control, and analyze additive distribution in styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) based proppants. The method relies on C=C vibrational markers to follow monomer consumption, crosslinking, and additive incorporation. Quality control included quantifying vinyl, cis, and trans C=C in polybutadiene (PB) modifiers and the ethyl-vinyl benzene (EVB) content in DVB crosslinkers. EVB content by Raman showed excellent agreement with independent carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (¹³C-NMR) measurements. Styrene copolymerization with DVB was tracked in real time using a fiber-optic Raman probe in a temperature-controlled microreactor. DVB accelerates styrene consumption due to its higher reactivity and radical stabilization. PB additives do not affect overall polymerization kinetics. In terms of additives, Raman calibration confirms that PB double bonds remain largely unreacted, consistent with limited copolymerization and phase separation. Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) slows down Sty polymerization while Raman mapping demonstrates its homogeneous dispersion within the matrix, validating its incorporation and expected impact on material properties. Overall, Raman spectroscopy provides a direct, non-invasive, and scalable approach to monitor polymerization and verify additive distribution, establishing it as a practical tool for process optimization in Sty-DVB proppant formulations.

快速:拉曼光谱监测聚合,质量控制,和添加剂分布在苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯支撑剂。
拉曼光谱用于监测聚合,验证质量控制,并分析苯乙烯-二乙烯苯(Sty-DVB)基支撑剂中的添加剂分布。该方法依靠C=C振动标记来跟踪单体消耗、交联和添加剂掺入。质量控制包括定量测定聚丁二烯(PB)改性剂中的乙烯基、顺式和反式C=C,以及DVB交联剂中乙基-乙烯苯(EVB)的含量。Raman法测定的EVB含量与碳-13核磁共振(¹³C-NMR)测量结果吻合良好。在温控微反应器中,利用光纤拉曼探针实时跟踪苯乙烯与DVB的共聚过程。由于其较高的反应性和自由基稳定性,DVB加速了苯乙烯的消耗。PB添加剂不影响总体聚合动力学。在添加剂方面,拉曼校准证实PB双键大部分未反应,与有限的共聚和相分离相一致。聚苯乙烯氧化物(PPO)减缓了Sty聚合,而拉曼映射显示了它在基体中的均匀分散,验证了它的掺入和对材料性能的预期影响。总体而言,拉曼光谱提供了一种直接、无创、可扩展的方法来监测聚合和验证添加剂分布,使其成为sti - dvb支撑剂配方工艺优化的实用工具。
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来源期刊
Applied Spectroscopy
Applied Spectroscopy 工程技术-光谱学
CiteScore
6.60
自引率
5.70%
发文量
139
审稿时长
3.5 months
期刊介绍: Applied Spectroscopy is one of the world''s leading spectroscopy journals, publishing high-quality peer-reviewed articles, both fundamental and applied, covering all aspects of spectroscopy. Established in 1951, the journal is owned by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy and is published monthly. The journal is dedicated to fulfilling the mission of the Society to “…advance and disseminate knowledge and information concerning the art and science of spectroscopy and other allied sciences.”
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