Exploring the Influence of Sex and Gender on Cancer: A Comprehensive Analysis

IF 3.1 2区医学 Q2 ONCOLOGY

Cancer Medicine Pub Date : 2025-09-27 DOI:10.1002/cam4.71263

Teresa Gisinger, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Alexander Kautzky

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Abstract

Purpose

Our aim was to untangle the effect of biological sex and psychosocial gender on rates of self-reported cancer.

Methods

For this study, the Austrian Health Information Survey 2019 was used. Individuals with cancer (n = 415) were selected and divided by sex (female 53.3%). Descriptive results were reported as mean/standard deviation or frequency/percentage. Next, the cancer versus non-cancer and female versus male cancer cohorts were compared by using a chi-square test or an unpaired t-test. By logistic regression models adjusted by age, the association of cancer, biological sex, and gender-related variables (including employment status, educational level, marital status, household income and size) was investigated in the total cohort, as well as stratified by sex.

Results

Self-reported cancer was positively related with being unemployed/retired versus employed (OR 2.06, p < 0.001), being married versus single (OR 1.90, p = 0.005), household size over 1 compared to 1 (OR 1.42, p = 0.025), self-reported depression (OR 2.13, p < 0.001), and former smoking (OR 1.84, p < 0.001). A negative relation between having cancer and being a daily smoker was seen (OR 0.22, p = 0.006). No association between cancer and biological sex was found. Similar correlations of gender-related variables on cancer rates were found in the sex-disaggregated analyses; however, marital status as well as daily smoking were not associated with cancer diagnosis in males. In contrast to males, in females former smoking and alcohol consumption showed no association with cancer rates.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that gender-related variables, rather than biological sex, are associated with sel-reported cancer.

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探讨性别对癌症的影响：综合分析

目的：我们的目的是解开生理性别和社会心理性别对自我报告的癌症发病率的影响。方法本研究采用奥地利2019年健康信息调查。选择癌症患者（n = 415）并按性别划分（女性53.3%）。描述性结果以平均/标准差或频率/百分比报告。接下来，通过卡方检验或非配对t检验对癌症与非癌症以及女性与男性癌症队列进行比较。通过调整年龄的logistic回归模型，研究了总队列中癌症、生理性别和性别相关变量（包括就业状况、教育水平、婚姻状况、家庭收入和人口规模）的相关性，并按性别分层。结果自我报告的癌症与失业/退休与就业（OR 2.06, p < 0.001）、已婚与单身（OR 1.90, p = 0.005）、家庭规模大于1比1 （OR 1.42, p = 0.025）、自我报告的抑郁（OR 2.13, p < 0.001）、是否吸烟（OR 1.84, p < 0.001）呈正相关。患癌症与每天吸烟之间呈负相关（OR 0.22, p = 0.006）。没有发现癌症和生理性别之间的联系。在按性别分类的分析中，也发现了与癌症发病率有关的性别相关变量的类似相关性；然而，男性的婚姻状况和每日吸烟与癌症诊断无关。与男性相比，在女性中，以前吸烟和饮酒与癌症发病率没有关联。结论：我们的研究结果表明，与自我报告的癌症有关的是与性别相关的变量，而不是生理性别。

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来源期刊

Cancer Medicine ONCOLOGY-

CiteScore

5.50

自引率

2.50%

发文量

907

审稿时长

19 weeks

期刊介绍： Cancer Medicine is a peer-reviewed, open access, interdisciplinary journal providing rapid publication of research from global biomedical researchers across the cancer sciences. The journal will consider submissions from all oncologic specialties, including, but not limited to, the following areas: Clinical Cancer Research Translational research ∙ clinical trials ∙ chemotherapy ∙ radiation therapy ∙ surgical therapy ∙ clinical observations ∙ clinical guidelines ∙ genetic consultation ∙ ethical considerations Cancer Biology: Molecular biology ∙ cellular biology ∙ molecular genetics ∙ genomics ∙ immunology ∙ epigenetics ∙ metabolic studies ∙ proteomics ∙ cytopathology ∙ carcinogenesis ∙ drug discovery and delivery. Cancer Prevention: Behavioral science ∙ psychosocial studies ∙ screening ∙ nutrition ∙ epidemiology and prevention ∙ community outreach. Bioinformatics: Gene expressions profiles ∙ gene regulation networks ∙ genome bioinformatics ∙ pathwayanalysis ∙ prognostic biomarkers. Cancer Medicine publishes original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and research methods papers, along with invited editorials and commentaries. Original research papers must report well-conducted research with conclusions supported by the data presented in the paper.