Numerical simulation of lead-acid battery (I): the impact of plate size and discharge rate on its performance

IF 2.6 4区化学 Q3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry Pub Date : 2025-03-25 DOI:10.1007/s10008-025-06265-6

Yifan Zhang, Tian Jiang, Zhiliang Guo, Yujie Hou, Yuli Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Qian Lu, Ran Chen, Lixu Lei

{"title":"Numerical simulation of lead-acid battery (I): the impact of plate size and discharge rate on its performance","authors":"Yifan Zhang, Tian Jiang, Zhiliang Guo, Yujie Hou, Yuli Zhang, Xinyi Wan, Qian Lu, Ran Chen, Lixu Lei","doi":"10.1007/s10008-025-06265-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Lead acid batteries (LABs) could solve all the problems in renewable energy storage of ultra-large scale (up to GW/TWh) due to their cost-efficiency, reliability and recyclability. The ultra-large scale storage demands large-capacity LABs with enhanced performance. To investigate the impact of plate size and discharge rate on discharge performance of LABs, we have constructed three-dimensional models considering the conductivities of grid and active materials, electrochemical reactions, and mass transfer to simulate galvanostatic discharge processes. The simulations show that inherent electrical resistance causes inhomogeneous distributions of potential and overpotential, which result in uneven reaction rate across the plates that causes even more inhomogeneous distribution of current density, sulfuric acid concentration and depth of discharge. During high-rate discharge of large electrode, the increased ohmic voltage drop, coupled with slow mass transfer of sulfuric acid, causes lower utilization of active materials located at the positions further away from the lug and sulfuric acid stratification. These simulations provide insights for optimizing the design of LABs.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":665,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","volume":"29 9","pages":"3951 - 3965"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10008-025-06265-6","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"ELECTROCHEMISTRY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Lead acid batteries (LABs) could solve all the problems in renewable energy storage of ultra-large scale (up to GW/TWh) due to their cost-efficiency, reliability and recyclability. The ultra-large scale storage demands large-capacity LABs with enhanced performance. To investigate the impact of plate size and discharge rate on discharge performance of LABs, we have constructed three-dimensional models considering the conductivities of grid and active materials, electrochemical reactions, and mass transfer to simulate galvanostatic discharge processes. The simulations show that inherent electrical resistance causes inhomogeneous distributions of potential and overpotential, which result in uneven reaction rate across the plates that causes even more inhomogeneous distribution of current density, sulfuric acid concentration and depth of discharge. During high-rate discharge of large electrode, the increased ohmic voltage drop, coupled with slow mass transfer of sulfuric acid, causes lower utilization of active materials located at the positions further away from the lug and sulfuric acid stratification. These simulations provide insights for optimizing the design of LABs.

Graphical Abstract

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

铅酸蓄电池的数值模拟（一）：极板尺寸和放电速率对其性能的影响

铅酸电池（实验室）由于其成本效益、可靠性和可回收性，可以解决超大规模（高达GW/TWh）可再生能源存储的所有问题。超大规模存储要求大容量、高性能的实验室。为了研究板尺寸和放电速率对实验室放电性能的影响，我们建立了考虑栅极和活性材料电导率、电化学反应和传质的三维模型来模拟恒流放电过程。模拟结果表明，固有电阻导致电势和过电势分布不均匀，导致反应速率不均匀，进而导致电流密度、硫酸浓度和放电深度分布更加不均匀。在大电极高倍率放电过程中，欧姆压降增大，再加上硫酸传质缓慢，导致远离电极和硫酸分层位置的活性物质利用率降低。这些模拟为优化实验室的设计提供了见解。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 工程技术-电化学

CiteScore

4.80

自引率

4.00%

发文量

227

审稿时长

4.1 months

期刊介绍： The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry is devoted to all aspects of solid-state chemistry and solid-state physics in electrochemistry. The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry publishes papers on all aspects of electrochemistry of solid compounds, including experimental and theoretical, basic and applied work. It equally publishes papers on the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical reactions if at least one actively participating phase is solid. Also of interest are articles on the transport of ions and electrons in solids whenever these processes are relevant to electrochemical reactions and on the use of solid-state electrochemical reactions in the analysis of solids and their surfaces. The journal covers solid-state electrochemistry and focusses on the following fields: mechanisms of solid-state electrochemical reactions, semiconductor electrochemistry, electrochemical batteries, accumulators and fuel cells, electrochemical mineral leaching, galvanic metal plating, electrochemical potential memory devices, solid-state electrochemical sensors, ion and electron transport in solid materials and polymers, electrocatalysis, photoelectrochemistry, corrosion of solid materials, solid-state electroanalysis, electrochemical machining of materials, electrochromism and electrochromic devices, new electrochemical solid-state synthesis. The Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry makes the professional in research and industry aware of this swift progress and its importance for future developments and success in the above-mentioned fields.