Innovations in Advanced Material Design for Enhancing Stability In Perovskites Solar Cells

Abstract

The pursuit of sustainable energy solutions has intensified the need for innovative materials for solar technology, particularly in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). One primary issue is the inherent sensitivity of perovskite materials to environmental factors such as moisture, oxygen, and light, which can lead to degradation and reduced efficiency over time. The objective of this study is to explore and develop innovative advanced materials that enhance the stability and longevity of perovskite solar cells. This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the selection and characterization of semiconductor materials for photovoltaic applications, focusing on perovskites, silicon, and organic photovoltaics to analyze their optical and electronic properties. It further explores innovative device fabrication and optimization strategies, particularly through layer stacking design and tandem solar cell configurations aimed to enhance light absorption and charge transport efficiency. The research incorporates the use of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), hole transport materials (HTMs), and electron transport materials (ETMs) to optimize the device's performance. The performance evaluation and stability testing are rigorously conducted, utilizing current–voltage (I-V) measurements under Standard Test Conditions (STC) to assess the efficiency and fill factor of solar cells. The findings show that the vapour deposition boasts the highest average efficiency at 24.0%, enabling precise control over film thickness and composition, which enhances material properties, and Recent advancements in photovoltaic technology have achieved a 28.3% efficiency in high-performance solar cells, significantly surpassing earlier mid-20 s efficiency. However, stability remains a challenge, with current stability at 26%, highlighting the need for long-term reliability in real-world conditions implemented by using MATLAB software. Future research could focus on next-generation hybrid materials, such as combining organic–inorganic perovskites with 2D materials or graphene oxide to enhance stability and performance. These innovative hybrids may improve charge transport, reduce degradation, and provide better thermal and environmental stability, leading to more durable and efficient perovskite solar cells.