Copper Catalyzed Formation of Carbon–Silicon Bond: A Review

Abstract

Organosilicon chemistry is a valuable branch of chemistry science, particularly in organic synthesis, because compounds containing carbon–silicon (C–Si) bonds are valuable in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. Copper catalysts have emerged as a pivotal tool in the formation of carbon–silicon bonds, offering a sustainable and efficient alternative to traditional methods. The use of copper in catalyzing these reactions is advantageous due to its abundant availability and cost-effectiveness compared to other precious metals. Recent advancements have demonstrated that copper-catalyzed reactions are not only versatile but also exhibit high degrees of regio- and enantioselectivity, making them highly desirable for complex organic synthesis. The ability of copper to facilitate the formation of C(sp³)–Si bonds is particularly noteworthy, as these bonds are integral in the development of pharmaceuticals and in the synthesis of silicon-containing organic compounds, which are valuable in materials science. Moreover, the mild reaction conditions, coupled with the low toxicity of copper catalysts, align well with the principles of green chemistry, further underscoring the benefits of this approach. This review outlines the recent applications of copper catalysts (from 2010 to 2024) in the preparation of organosilicon compounds by substitution reactions and by addition reactions to imine, aldehyde and C=C double bonds.

Graphical Abstract