{"title":"Paroxetine HCl-loaded hybrid nanoparticles for intranasal application to brain delivery: evaluation and cell culture studies","authors":"Elif Simsek, Ozge Esim, Canan Hascicek","doi":"10.1007/s11051-025-06411-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depression, ranked as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide, is typically treated with oral antidepressants. However, the inability of this treatment to achieve the intended effect prompts the search for alternative methods. The aim of this research was to develop a paroxetine HCl-loaded lipid-polymer-based nanoparticulate drug delivery system for depression treatment via intranasal administration. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by using a modified double-emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. The permeability and cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles were investigated on the Caco-2 cell line. The developed lipid-polymer-based nanoparticles were functionalized with chitosan to enhance the permeability of the nanoparticles through the blood–brain barrier. The optimum nanoparticle formulation was achieved at about 300 nm and a low polydispersity index. Paroxetine HCl, a highly water-soluble drug, was encapsulated into nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 77.144%. The cationic nanoparticles exhibited mucoadhesive characteristics, which support the permeability through the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Consequently, the proposed nanoformulation exhibited significant potential for treating depression intranasally.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":653,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","volume":"27 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Nanoparticle Research","FirstCategoryId":"88","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11051-025-06411-1","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Depression, ranked as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide, is typically treated with oral antidepressants. However, the inability of this treatment to achieve the intended effect prompts the search for alternative methods. The aim of this research was to develop a paroxetine HCl-loaded lipid-polymer-based nanoparticulate drug delivery system for depression treatment via intranasal administration. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by using a modified double-emulsion solvent evaporation method and characterized in terms of physicochemical properties. The permeability and cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles were investigated on the Caco-2 cell line. The developed lipid-polymer-based nanoparticles were functionalized with chitosan to enhance the permeability of the nanoparticles through the blood–brain barrier. The optimum nanoparticle formulation was achieved at about 300 nm and a low polydispersity index. Paroxetine HCl, a highly water-soluble drug, was encapsulated into nanoparticles with an encapsulation efficiency of 77.144%. The cationic nanoparticles exhibited mucoadhesive characteristics, which support the permeability through the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Consequently, the proposed nanoformulation exhibited significant potential for treating depression intranasally.
期刊介绍：
The objective of the Journal of Nanoparticle Research is to disseminate knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological phenomena and processes in structures that have at least one lengthscale ranging from molecular to approximately 100 nm (or submicron in some situations), and exhibit improved and novel properties that are a direct result of their small size.
Nanoparticle research is a key component of nanoscience, nanoengineering and nanotechnology.
The focus of the Journal is on the specific concepts, properties, phenomena, and processes related to particles, tubes, layers, macromolecules, clusters and other finite structures of the nanoscale size range. Synthesis, assembly, transport, reactivity, and stability of such structures are considered. Development of in-situ and ex-situ instrumentation for characterization of nanoparticles and their interfaces should be based on new principles for probing properties and phenomena not well understood at the nanometer scale. Modeling and simulation may include atom-based quantum mechanics; molecular dynamics; single-particle, multi-body and continuum based models; fractals; other methods suitable for modeling particle synthesis, assembling and interaction processes. Realization and application of systems, structures and devices with novel functions obtained via precursor nanoparticles is emphasized. Approaches may include gas-, liquid-, solid-, and vacuum-based processes, size reduction, chemical- and bio-self assembly. Contributions include utilization of nanoparticle systems for enhancing a phenomenon or process and particle assembling into hierarchical structures, as well as formulation and the administration of drugs. Synergistic approaches originating from different disciplines and technologies, and interaction between the research providers and users in this field, are encouraged.
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