Generational Differences in Dietary Behaviours: A Cross-Sectional Study of Generations X, Y, and Z.

Abstract

Background: Dietary behaviours influence obesity and chronic disease. In Saudi Arabia, Westernised diets and sedentary lifestyles have driven rising obesity. This study explores generational dietary patterns to inform Saudi Vision 2030 planning.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 1,153 individuals was conducted in Saudi Arabia. These participants came from three generations: Generation X (born 1965-1980), Generation Y (born 1981-1996), and Generation Z (born 1997-2012). Participants were recruited via digital platforms (social media, email lists, and university networks). They also completed a validated, self-administered online questionnaire that captured 24-hour dietary recall, food-choice determinants, and relevant lifestyle factors. All data were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 25 and considered significant at p values < 0.05.

Results: Generational differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). For Generation Z, 34.1% reported consuming soft drinks more than three times weekly, compared to 6.4% for Generation X and 20.8% for Generation Y. Generation Z also had the lowest intake of fruits (only 4.8% reported ≥3 servings per day) and vegetables (8.4% met ≥3 servings per day). These individuals were more influenced by peers, taste (60.6%), and price (10.5%) than by nutrition. Conversely, Generations X and Y prioritised long-term health (69.5% and 38.9%, respectively) and nutritional value (71.1% and 38.5%, respectively). Gen Z favoured restaurant dining (40.3%), showed higher peer influence (63.2%), and more frequent meal skipping (88.3%). Furthermore, favourable nutritional intake, including water and fruits/vegetables, declined across generations, with Gen Z consuming more soft drinks (59.2%) and snacks (51.6%) than Gen X.

Conclusions: Generational dietary differences in Saudi Arabia reflect global and local shifts. Targeted public health strategies, digital interventions addressing affordability and appearance for Gen Z, and reinforced traditional education for Gen X/Y are essential. These insights support school and community nutrition policies aligned with Saudi Vision 2030.