Antibiotic-resistance and virulence-related genes in commercially bottled natural mineral waters.

Abstract

Background: To date, the presence of antibiotics resistant genes (ARGs) and virulence-related genes (VRGs) has been evidenced in several surface waters, including natural surface water and wastewater, as well as drinking water. Bottled natural mineral waters, which are by law labelled as microbiologically pure at source, from underground aquifers, natural resurgence deposits or well suction pumps, do not undergo purification treatment, and do not experience any chemical decontamination or disinfection treatment, as in the case of drinking water from municipal conduits. The present study aimed to evaluate the presence of ARGs and VRGs, as well as the composition of microbial communities, in commercially bottled natural mineral drinking water by molecular methods. The study involved the analysis of bottled drinking water from four commercial brands. Moreover, an investigation was conducted into the potential association of known mobile elements or insertion sequences with the highlighted ARGs and VRGs.

Methods: Four commercial brands of drinking mineral bottled water were selected for analysis. A volume of 100 L from each brand was filtered to recover the microbes present in the water. The microbes successfully recovered on the filter, in conjunction with eventually other particles with a diameter of 0.22 μm or greater, or associated nucleic acids, underwent a process of DNA extraction using specific extraction kit. The extracted cell-DNA was subjected to shotgun sequencing.

Results: Sequence analysis revealed the presence of microbial communities associated with the water samples analyzed. Furthermore, several ARGs and VRGs were identified and, for some of them, a putative taxonomic assignment at genus level was defined.

Conclusions: The results indicated that bottled drinking water may represent a potential reservoir of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, which could persist and be transferred to other bacteria commonly found in the same water sample, as well as to microorganisms colonizing the human consumer. The use of the new molecular methods, such as next generation sequencing (NGS), could be useful for improving current methodologies for drinking water analysis, also considering their potential role of reservoir of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, as well as the presence of potentially pathogenic microbes that cannot be detected by conventional cultural methods.