Rift Valley fever: A zoonotic disease with global potential.

Abstract

An arthropod-borne zoonotic disease called "Rift Valley fever (RVF)" spreads widely among ruminant animals and humans. RVF is caused by the RVF Virus (RVFV), a round-enveloped RNA virus belonging to the genus Phlebovirus and family Bunyaviridae. RVF is found exclusively in African nations, and it is primarily associated with high rainfall and dense vector mosquito populations. The virus moves from its initial replication site to vital organs, such as the brain, liver, and spleen, after infection. These organs either recover due to both general and particular host responses, or they are affected by the pathogenic effects of the virus or immunological pathological processes. The main lesion observed in the RVF is hepatic necrosis. RVF can be diagnosed in clinical laboratories using a variety of techniques. RVF is defined by high abortion rates and high newborn deaths, which typically follow periods of intense precipitation. Commonly observed pathologies include gastrointestinal hemorrhage, splenomegaly, and liver necrosis. Transmission of the virus between Aedes and Culex mosquitoes in flood water has been demonstrated to occur transovarially. A number of ecological, anthropogenic, environmental, and viral evolutionary risk factors combine to make it more likely for RVFV to spread and establish in new locations. Although there is no specific treatment for human or animal RVF, supportive care can be beneficial. RVF can be prevented in a number of ways, such as by detecting climatic change, controlling mosquito populations, immunizing animals in endemic areas, and managing travel.