Review: fiber-based dielectric-tunable electromagnetic wave absorbing composites

Abstract

With the intensification of electromagnetic pollution, research on electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials has become crucial for addressing electromagnetic compatibility and protection. Fiber-based dielectric-tunable EMW-absorbing composites, leveraging advantages such as lightweight design, flexibility, and structural adaptability, demonstrate significant potential in electromagnetic shielding, stealth technology, and wearable devices. This review systematically summarizes recent advancements in fiber-based absorbing materials, focusing on their dielectric and magnetic loss mechanisms, structural design strategies, and performance optimization pathways. Broadband absorption performance can be significantly enhanced through component regulation and hierarchical structural design. Ceramic-based fibers achieve a balance between high-temperature stability and dielectric loss via interfacial engineering and hybridization with carbon nanostructures. Carbon-based fibers enable efficient dielectric loss through conductive networks and polarization relaxation, though impedance mismatch caused by high conductivity necessitates optimization via porous or heterogeneous structures. Polymer-based composites combine lightweight and flexible properties with functional fillers but face limitations in high-temperature performance. Magnetic metal-based composite fibers broaden the absorption bandwidth via magneto-dielectric synergy; however, challenges remain in overcoming magnetic loss frequency limitations and particle aggregation. Therefore, this review further outlines current challenges, including the trade-off between impedance matching and thickness, insufficient adaptability to harsh environments, and fabrication complexity. Future prospects emphasize multi-mechanism synergy, bio-based material development, and intelligent structural design to advance high-performance EMW-absorbing composites.