{"title":"Detectors for Relativistic Nuclear Collisions","authors":"Luciano Musa, Werner Riegler","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-045821","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Detectors for relativistic nuclear interactions have significantly increased in size and sophistication over the last few decades, primarily owing to rising collision energies and rates. Common across most particle physics experiments is the need to measure collision vertex, particle momentum, and particle energy. To accurately measure momenta at the very low level of 100 MeV/<jats:italic>c</jats:italic>, tracking detectors with a very low material budget are required. Additionally, particle identification requires detector systems that use time-of-flight, energy loss, and Cherenkov radiation measurements. Compared to high-luminosity proton–proton experiments, these detectors face considerably lower radiation levels, enabling the use of a wider range of sensor technologies and leading to innovative developments in this area. Technological advancements in data transport and processing over recent decades now enable continuous data readout and online processing, eliminating the need for selective triggering, which has significantly enhanced detector performance. This article provides an overview of current and future detectors for relativistic nuclear collisions along with a discussion of key technological advancements in this context. Given the similarity in detector requirements for future <jats:italic>e</jats:italic> <jats:sup>+</jats:sup> <jats:italic>e</jats:italic> <jats:sup>−</jats:sup> Higgs factories, the conclusions drawn here are also relevant to developments in that domain.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","FirstCategoryId":"101","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102422-045821","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"PHYSICS, NUCLEAR","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Detectors for relativistic nuclear interactions have significantly increased in size and sophistication over the last few decades, primarily owing to rising collision energies and rates. Common across most particle physics experiments is the need to measure collision vertex, particle momentum, and particle energy. To accurately measure momenta at the very low level of 100 MeV/c, tracking detectors with a very low material budget are required. Additionally, particle identification requires detector systems that use time-of-flight, energy loss, and Cherenkov radiation measurements. Compared to high-luminosity proton–proton experiments, these detectors face considerably lower radiation levels, enabling the use of a wider range of sensor technologies and leading to innovative developments in this area. Technological advancements in data transport and processing over recent decades now enable continuous data readout and online processing, eliminating the need for selective triggering, which has significantly enhanced detector performance. This article provides an overview of current and future detectors for relativistic nuclear collisions along with a discussion of key technological advancements in this context. Given the similarity in detector requirements for future e+e− Higgs factories, the conclusions drawn here are also relevant to developments in that domain.
期刊介绍:
The Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science is a publication that has been available since 1952. It focuses on various aspects of nuclear and particle science, including both theoretical and experimental developments. The journal covers topics such as nuclear structure, heavy ion interactions, oscillations observed in solar and atmospheric neutrinos, the physics of heavy quarks, the impact of particle and nuclear physics on astroparticle physics, and recent advancements in accelerator design and instrumentation.
One significant recent change in the journal is the conversion of its current volume from gated to open access. This conversion was made possible through Annual Reviews' Subscribe to Open program. As a result, all articles published in the current volume are now freely available to the public under a CC BY license. This change allows for greater accessibility and dissemination of research in the field of nuclear and particle science.