Stimuli-Responsive Architectures Based on Anion-Coordination-Driven Assembly of Phosphate.

Abstract

Stimuli-responsive systems play a crucial role in biological processes. Research on supramolecular cages formed via noncovalent interactions contributes to the development of receptors that mimic these natural systems. Recently, anion-coordination-driven assembly (ACDA) employing oligourea ligands and trivalent phosphate ions (PO₄ ^3-) has emerged as a promising strategy for constructing responsive supramolecular architectures. These assemblies are stabilized through multiple hydrogen bonds and are capable of undergoing structural transformations in response to external stimuli, offering a conceptual framework for understanding flexibility and environmental adaptability in biological contexts. This mini-review highlights the stimuli-responsive properties of anionic self-assemblies, with a focus on systems involving oligourea ligands and PO₄ ^3- ion. Organized by stimulus type, it discusses multistimuli responsiveness, guest-induced transformations, solvent sensitivity, and light-responsive behaviors. Current challenges and identifying future opportunities in the study of ACDA-based stimuli-responsive systems are discussed.