Green synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from bio-renewable resources and their potential biological applications: A critical review

IF 2.1 4区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, CERAMICS

Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI:10.1007/s41779-024-01099-3

Elahe Kamelnia, Reyhane Kamelnia, Majid Darroudi

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Abstract

Nanocellulose refers to free nano-sized crystallites and fibrils isolated from cellulose-based biomass called cellulose nanocrystals (CNC). Cellulose is famous for its unending abundance on earth as a renewable and environmentally friendly biopolymer. The extending investment in nanocellulose is due to its diverse applications throughout the fields of material science and biomedical engineering, which is facilitated by its sustainable creation, anisotropic anatomy, unique mechanical features, satisfying biocompatibility, and adaptable surfaced chemistry. The crucial functionality of its physicochemical properties, including size, mass status in liquid, and surface charge, in the ultimate interactions of nanoparticles with target subjects, is undeniable. The four fundamental sources of nanocellulose are bacteria (Gluconacetobacter), plants (trees, shrubs, and herbs), algae (Cladophora), and animals (Tunicata). This review provides an extensive survey of cellulose and its structural and biomedical properties. Furthermore, it attempted to gather data on this emerging nanomaterial and particularly focused on the extraction processes, technological progress, and exertion of CNC-based materials. The following sections discuss on the impact of these products on decreasing the rate of cytotoxicity in biological surroundings. Lastly, we presented an overview of the development of CNC-based materials implementation to gather data on the imaginable and futuristic uses of CNC-based functional nanomaterials and their future aspects in biomedical engineering applications.

Graphical abstract

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利用生物可再生资源绿色合成纤维素纳米晶体及其潜在的生物学应用综述

纳米纤维素是指从纤维素基生物质中分离出来的自由纳米大小的晶体和原纤维，称为纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）。纤维素作为一种可再生和环保的生物聚合物，在地球上以其无穷无尽的丰富而闻名。纳米纤维素在材料科学和生物医学工程领域的广泛应用，得益于其可持续的创造、各向异性的解剖结构、独特的机械特性、令人满意的生物相容性和适应性强的表面化学。其物理化学性质的关键功能，包括大小，在液体中的质量状态，和表面电荷，在纳米颗粒与目标对象的最终相互作用，是不可否认的。纳米纤维素的四种基本来源是细菌（糖醋杆菌）、植物（树木、灌木和草本植物）、藻类（Cladophora）和动物（Tunicata）。本文综述了纤维素及其结构和生物医学特性的广泛研究。此外，它还试图收集有关这种新兴纳米材料的数据，并特别关注cnc基材料的提取过程、技术进步和应用。以下各节讨论这些产品对降低生物环境中细胞毒性的影响。最后，我们概述了基于cnc的材料实现的发展，以收集基于cnc的功能纳米材料的可想象和未来用途及其在生物医学工程应用中的未来方面的数据。图形抽象

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society Materials Science-Materials Chemistry

CiteScore

3.70

自引率

5.30%

发文量

123

期刊介绍： Publishes high quality research and technical papers in all areas of ceramic and related materials Spans the broad and growing fields of ceramic technology, material science and bioceramics Chronicles new advances in ceramic materials, manufacturing processes and applications Journal of the Australian Ceramic Society since 1965 Professional language editing service is available through our affiliates Nature Research Editing Service and American Journal Experts at the author''s cost and does not guarantee that the manuscript will be reviewed or accepted