Utilization of Camellia sinensis as a STAT inhibitor in the management and prevention of breast cancer: A review

Abstract

Breast cancer represents a significant global health challenge, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic and preventive strategies. The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, particularly STAT3 and STAT5, plays a pivotal role in breast cancer pathogenesis by regulating cellular proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and immune evasion mechanisms. Dysregulation of this pathway has been implicated in tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance. This review evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of Camellia sinensis (green tea) extracts, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), in breast cancer management through STAT pathway modulation. Comprehensive analysis of preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates that EGCG effectively inhibits STAT activation, induces apoptosis, suppresses tumor progression, and prevents metastatic spread. The multifaceted anti-cancer properties of green tea polyphenols are attributed to their potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Despite promising therapeutic outcomes, clinical translation remains challenging due to variability in treatment responses, necessitating further investigation into optimal dosing regimens, bioavailability profiles, and mechanistic pathways. Critical limitations include standardization of Camellia sinensis bioactive compounds, safety assessment protocols, and personalized treatment approaches. In conclusion, Camellia sinensis demonstrates considerable potential as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for STAT pathway modulation in breast cancer treatment. Integration of green tea polyphenols into conventional therapeutic regimens may enhance treatment efficacy while mitigating resistance mechanisms. However, rigorous clinical trials are essential to validate therapeutic benefits and establish evidence-based protocols for optimal breast cancer prevention and management strategies.