Analysis of Navier slip effects in ionized power-law hybrid nanofluid flow through a Darcy–Forchheimer porous medium with modified Fourier heat transfer

Abstract

Hybrid nanofluids have emerged as a promising medium for enhancing heat transfer, with power-law hybrid nanofluids (PLHNF) exhibiting superior thermal conductivity compared to conventional power-law nanofluids (PLNF). Despite these advantages, their transport behavior under complex flow conditions — particularly in ionized Darcy–Forchheimer regimes influenced by slip effects and non-classical heat conduction — remains largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by developing a comprehensive theoretical framework for PLHNF flow over a stretching surface, incorporating magnetic field inclination, Navier slip, and a modified Fourier’s law of heat conduction. The governing nonlinear system is transformed via similarity techniques and solved numerically using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver, with validation against established benchmarks. The findings reveal that PLHNF not only sustain higher thermal transport but also exhibit distinctive flow responses: velocity slip significantly suppresses both axial and radial components, while inclined magnetic fields enhance axial transport but reduce radial motion. The superior thermal conductivity of PLHNF amplifies these effects, yielding higher surface heat transfer rates compared to PLNF. By elucidating the coupled influence of magnetic, slip, and non-Fourier heat conduction effects, this work extends the theoretical foundation of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluids and highlights their potential for high-efficiency thermal management systems.