Salt effect and comparative analysis of micro and nano-bentonite in blue dye removal: Surface morphology and adsorption efficiency

IF 4.6 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Powder Technology Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI:10.1016/j.powtec.2025.121666

Hassan Wathiq Ayoob , Nabil Kadhim Taieh , Abdulrazzaq S. Abdullah , Raad Z. Homod , F. Medina

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Abstract

Addressing contaminated water from various industrial practices has become a pressing concern. Methylene Blue (MB) dye is a prevalent industrial pollutant used in printing, dyeing, textiles, paper, plastics, and leather production. This study employed an efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and abundant adsorbent to remove Methylene Blue. Bentonite has been utilized as an adsorbent under varying dosages, acidity (pH), agitation, and salinity of contaminated wastewater. The adsorption capacity is enhanced by increasing the surface area and pore volume of the bentonite particles when they are transformed into nanoparticles. The adsorption capability increased with higher doses (10–50 mg) and longer shaking times (10–40 min), as well as with the concentration of the contaminated dye (5–25 ppm), but it decreased with rising pH values (2−12). The impact of temperature on the adsorption process was examined within the range of 25–55 °C. The results indicated that the adsorption capability is largely unaffected by wastewater salinity up to 10,000 ppm. The maximum adsorption capacities achieved under optimal conditions were 24.25 mg/g for micro-bentonite (μB) and 40.75 mg/g for nano-bentonite (nB), respectively. FTIR was employed to examine the adsorption of methylene blue dye by bentonite. BET, BJH, T-plots, and AFM analyses were conducted to determine the surface area, pore volume, pore diameter, and mean particle diameters for micro and nano bentonite. The results correlated more accurately using the Freundlich isotherm compared to the Langmuir and Tempkin models, due to its superior regression value (R²). The most suitable kinetic model for this investigation was the pseudo-second-order, in contrast to the pseudo-first-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models.

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微膨润土和纳米膨润土在蓝色染料脱除中的盐效应及对比分析：表面形貌和吸附效率

解决来自各种工业实践的污染水已成为一个紧迫的问题。亚甲基蓝（MB）染料是一种普遍的工业污染物，用于印刷、染色、纺织、造纸、塑料和皮革生产。本研究采用高效、经济、环保、富集的吸附剂去除亚甲基蓝。在不同剂量、酸度（pH）、搅拌和盐度的污染废水中，膨润土被用作吸附剂。膨润土颗粒转化为纳米颗粒时，通过增大其比表面积和孔体积来增强其吸附能力。吸附能力随剂量增大（10 ~ 50 mg）、振荡时间延长（10 ~ 40 min）和污染染料浓度增大（5 ~ 25 ppm）而增大，但随pH值增大（2 ~ 12）而减小。在25 ~ 55℃范围内考察了温度对吸附过程的影响。结果表明，当废水盐度高达10,000 ppm时，吸附能力基本不受影响。在最佳条件下，微膨润土（μB）和纳米膨润土（nB）的最大吸附量分别为24.25 mg/g和40.75 mg/g。利用红外光谱研究了膨润土对亚甲基蓝染料的吸附作用。通过BET、BJH、t图和AFM分析确定了微纳米膨润土的表面积、孔隙体积、孔径和平均粒径。与Langmuir和Tempkin模型相比，使用Freundlich等温线的结果相关性更准确，因为它具有更好的回归值（R2）。与伪一阶、Elovich和颗粒内扩散模型相比，伪二阶动力学模型是本研究最合适的模型。

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来源期刊

Powder Technology 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

9.90

自引率

15.40%

发文量

1047

审稿时长

46 days

期刊介绍： Powder Technology is an International Journal on the Science and Technology of Wet and Dry Particulate Systems. Powder Technology publishes papers on all aspects of the formation of particles and their characterisation and on the study of systems containing particulate solids. No limitation is imposed on the size of the particles, which may range from nanometre scale, as in pigments or aerosols, to that of mined or quarried materials. The following list of topics is not intended to be comprehensive, but rather to indicate typical subjects which fall within the scope of the journal's interests: Formation and synthesis of particles by precipitation and other methods. Modification of particles by agglomeration, coating, comminution and attrition. Characterisation of the size, shape, surface area, pore structure and strength of particles and agglomerates (including the origins and effects of inter particle forces). Packing, failure, flow and permeability of assemblies of particles. Particle-particle interactions and suspension rheology. Handling and processing operations such as slurry flow, fluidization, pneumatic conveying. Interactions between particles and their environment, including delivery of particulate products to the body. Applications of particle technology in production of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, foods, pigments, structural, and functional materials and in environmental and energy related matters. For materials-oriented contributions we are looking for articles revealing the effect of particle/powder characteristics (size, morphology and composition, in that order) on material performance or functionality and, ideally, comparison to any industrial standard.