Biomimetic architectures in flexible biosensors: Coordination chemistry-driven design, mechanism, and application

Abstract

Coordination chemistry offers a versatile molecular toolkit for constructing bioinspired, flexible sensing materials with dynamic and adaptive functionalities. This review highlights recent progress in the integration of metal–ligand coordination (e.g., Zn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺ systems) into stretchable, self-healing, and stimuli-responsive sensor platforms. By emulating hierarchical biological architectures through multiscale assembly and reversible bonding, these materials enable enhanced mechanical compliance, electrical conductivity, and multifunctional responsiveness. Particular focus is placed on coordination-driven strategies that bridge structure with function, supporting intelligent behaviors such as signal differentiation, environmental adaptation, and memory-like responses. Advances in interface engineering, neuromorphic integration, and closed-loop sensing systems are also discussed. Key challenges, including synthetic reproducibility, long-term stability, and biocompatibility, are critically assessed. Finally, we outline strategic directions for the development of coordination-based biomimetic frameworks as a foundation for next-generation soft electronics and autonomous sensing technologies.