Implications for PV module ecodesign from a life cycle perspective under the framework of the EU ecodesign sustainable products regulation

Abstract

Ecodesign of photovoltaic (PV) modules is essential for harmonizing energy conservation with emission reduction, thereby advancing green and circular development. Under the EU Ecodesign for Sustainable Products Regulation (ESPR), this study presents a comprehensive review of ecodesign tools and strategies. Aligned with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, it analyzes life cycle assessment (LCA), greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and energy efficiency. Using a process-based approach, the study evaluates environmental, resource, and energy impacts across the PV module life cycle. An ecodesign strategy inventory is established, followed by feasibility screening and assessment. Covering five key dimensions—reliability, power generation, decay rate, repairability, and recyclability—across 16 life cycle stages, 122 ecodesign strategies are identified. Results indicate that the cradle-to-gate production is highly energy-intensive, leading to significant electricity demand and associated environmental challenges. Therefore, ecodesign strategies should prioritize energy conservation and consumption reduction. Moreover, owing to advancements in design philosophies and innovation capabilities, along with smart tools, LCA alone showed insufficient for guiding PV ecodesign. The study advocates for expanding and innovating ecodesign tools, emphasizing critical emission stages to address the entire PV value chain. Reducing environmental emissions necessitates quantifying, monitoring, and optimizing across the life cycle. Furthermore, the study outlines an evolutionary path and conceptual advances for ecodesign, incorporating multidimensional tools and strategies. This highlights the need for contemporary PV ecodesign to address performance, intelligent tools, regional collaboration, and policy globalization. Finally, strengthened legal frameworks and regulatory oversight at national and local levels are essential for promoting sustainable development and life cycle management in PV industry.