Modulating the gut microbiome-immune axis in shrimp: Use of probiotics to enhance disease resistance

Abstract

Shrimp aquaculture is a rapidly growing industry worldwide. However, disease outbreaks due to intensive farming practices often limit production. Probiotics may offer a natural, cost-effective means of enhancing shrimp growth, immunity and disease resistance, acting via modulation of the gut microbiome-immune axis. This review describes the known interactions of the shrimp gut microbiome with the immune system, focusing on how probiotics can be used to benefit shrimp aquaculture. We first discuss the composition of the shrimp gut microbiome and how external stressors or pathogens can modulate the microbiota and contribute to disease progression. Then, we explore the potential roles of probiotics in shrimp gut microbiome maintenance and how these agents may improve immune responses and disease resistance. Key mechanisms contributing to probiotic effects include the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), maintenance of gut membrane integrity, modulation of immune-related genes, and regulation of intestinal homeostasis via C-type lectins (e.g., Ctl24 and Ctl33). Furthermore, probiotics can prime the shrimp immune system through serological, mucosal and pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-mediated processes. Studies integrating microbiome, metabolomic and transcriptomic data can comprehensively reveal these effects. Finally, this review highlights future research directions, such as the use of artificial intelligence-based systems for improved early detection of disease, the application of engineered probiotics, and tailored microbiome interventions based on farming conditions. Moreover, further understanding of the long-term ecosystem impacts and effects on humans upon consumption will be crucial for realizing the full potential of probiotics in sustainable shrimp aquaculture.