Dual-photoelectrode self-powered photoelectrochemical sensors

Abstract

The development of advanced photoelectrodes and innovative signal amplification strategies holds significant promise for achieving high sensitivity in photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis. Notably, dual-photoelectrode self-powered PEC sensors represent a significant advancement in biosensor technology, offering enhanced sensitivity, lower detection limits, and greater resistance to interference. By incorporating both a photoanode and photocathode within a PEC system, these sensors eliminate the need for external power sources while enhancing signal stability. Their design facilitates efficient electron transfer and superior photoelectric conversion, making them particularly well-suited for portable, cost-effective applications in environmental monitoring, clinical diagnostics, and food safety. This novel approach addresses the limitations of traditional PEC sensors, paving the way for high-performance analytical tools that can be used in real-world scenarios. This review first explores the latest advancements in the development of dual-photoelectrode self-powered PEC sensors. It then provides a detailed summary and discussion of the various types of these sensors, focusing on their current output, power generation capabilities, and potential applications. Additionally, dual-photoelectrode systems are categorized based on their photoactive materials, emphasizing the importance of finding a suitable Fermi energy level difference between the photoanode and photocathode materials to serve as the driving force. A systematic comparison of these materials is also provided, and current developments identify the primary challenges that must be addressed. This comprehensive overview provides valuable insights into the current state of dual-photoelectrode self-powered PEC sensors, promoting the development of rapid, portable, and miniaturized detection devices that can operate without external power sources.