Multi-stimuli-responsive tetraphenylethylene derivatives: Aggregation-induced emission, reversible mechano- and photochromism for anti-counterfeiting applications

IF 4.2 3区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Dyes and Pigments Pub Date : 2025-09-22 DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2025.113265

Zhonghang Wang, Jiaojiao Liu, Yong Wang, Yonggang Yang, Chuanjiang Hu

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Abstract

Stimuli-responsive materials have garnered significant attention due to their ability to react to external physicochemical stimuli. Among these, light and mechanical force represent two of the most convenient and widely used triggers. Although tetraphenylethylene (TPE) is a classical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen, its intrinsic photochromic behavior remains underexplored. In this study, a series of TPE-based derivatives were designed and synthesized, which exhibit notable AIE characteristics, reversible mechanochromism, and rapid photochromism with excellent fatigue resistance. Detailed spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational investigations reveal that the photochromic response originates from a UV-induced cyclization process, facilitated by weak intermolecular interactions and molecular packing within the crystalline lattice. Furthermore, the multi-stimuli-responsive properties of these materials were successfully applied in dynamic anti-counterfeiting patterns, demonstrating their potential for advanced information encryption and security applications. This work not only enriches the family of smart TPE-based materials but also provides deeper insights into the design of multifunctional stimuli-responsive systems.

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多刺激响应四苯基乙烯衍生物：聚集诱导发射，可逆机制和光致变色防伪应用

刺激反应材料由于其对外部物理化学刺激的反应能力而引起了人们的极大关注。其中，光和机械力是两种最方便和广泛使用的触发器。虽然四苯基乙烯（TPE）是一种经典的聚集诱导发射（AIE）发光材料，但其固有的光致变色行为尚未得到充分的研究。本研究设计并合成了一系列基于tpe的衍生物，这些衍生物具有显著的AIE特性、可逆的机械致变色和快速的光致变色，并具有优异的抗疲劳性。详细的光谱、晶体学和计算研究表明，光致变色反应源于紫外线诱导的环化过程，由弱分子间相互作用和晶格内的分子堆积促进。此外，这些材料的多刺激响应特性已成功应用于动态防伪图案，展示了它们在高级信息加密和安全应用方面的潜力。这项工作不仅丰富了基于tpe的智能材料家族，而且为多功能刺激响应系统的设计提供了更深入的见解。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Dyes and Pigments 工程技术-材料科学：纺织

CiteScore

8.20

自引率

13.30%

发文量

933

审稿时长

33 days

期刊介绍： Dyes and Pigments covers the scientific and technical aspects of the chemistry and physics of dyes, pigments and their intermediates. Emphasis is placed on the properties of the colouring matters themselves rather than on their applications or the system in which they may be applied. Thus the journal accepts research and review papers on the synthesis of dyes, pigments and intermediates, their physical or chemical properties, e.g. spectroscopic, surface, solution or solid state characteristics, the physical aspects of their preparation, e.g. precipitation, nucleation and growth, crystal formation, liquid crystalline characteristics, their photochemical, ecological or biological properties and the relationship between colour and chemical constitution. However, papers are considered which deal with the more fundamental aspects of colourant application and of the interactions of colourants with substrates or media. The journal will interest a wide variety of workers in a range of disciplines whose work involves dyes, pigments and their intermediates, and provides a platform for investigators with common interests but diverse fields of activity such as cosmetics, reprographics, dye and pigment synthesis, medical research, polymers, etc.