A Synthetic Lectin for Glucuronate

Abstract

The selective recognition of hydrophilic carbohydrates in water remains a longstanding challenge in supramolecular chemistry due to solvent competition and the lack of a strong driving force comparable to the hydrophobic effect. Herein, we report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a water-soluble tetralactam macrocycle, MPNT²⁺·2Cl^–, as a highly effective synthetic lectin for glucuronate. MPNT²⁺·2Cl^– features two dimethylnaphthalene panels, pyridinium spacers, and morpholine side chains, forming a rigid, preorganized cavity with convergent hydrogen bond donors, polarized C–H donors, and complementary electrostatic interactions. The receptor achieves a binding affinity of 103,000 M^–1 for glucuronate in water, over 19-fold higher than previous synthetic systems, along with excellent selectivity over structurally similar carbohydrates. Single-crystal X-ray analysis, DFT calculation, and IGMH analysis reveal a dense network of [N–H···O], [C–H···O], and [C–H···π] interactions, highlighting the role of stereoelectronic complementarity in complex formation. Moreover, MPNT²⁺·2Cl^– acts as a chiroptical sensor, producing binding-induced circular dichroism signals that enable sensitive detection of glucuronic acid at physiologically relevant concentrations. This work presents a generalizable strategy for designing synthetic lectins that recognize carbohydrates in aqueous solutions and opens up new possibilities for developing molecular sensors and diagnostic tools for biologically important anionic sugars.

A synthetic macrocyclic lectin recognizes glucuronate in water, enabling strong, selective binding and chiroptical sensing of a biologically important sugar.