Unlocking Tetravalent Iron Reactivity at Mildly Acidic pH through Decay Kinetics Technique

Abstract

Tetravalent iron (Fe_aq^IVO²⁺) is a short-lived, high-valent intermediate of broad interest in physical chemistry due to its strong oxidizing potential, tunable redox properties, and pH-dependent speciation. These features make Fe_aq^IVO²⁺ not only a subject of fundamental interest in physical chemistry but also a promising oxidant in wastewater treatment for the degradation of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs). However, previous kinetic studies have been restricted to highly acidic conditions (pH ≤ 1.0) to mitigate Fe(III) absorbance interference at 320 nm, limiting understanding under environmentally relevant pH regimes. Here, we developed a modified decay-kinetics method by monitoring Fe_aq^IVO²⁺ at 425 nm, thereby eliminating Fe(III) interference and enabling direct determination of second-order rate constants (k_{Feaq^IVO²⁺,TrOC}) at pH 3.0. The measured k_{Feaq^IVO²⁺,TrOC} values reveal selective reactivity toward sulfonamides (4.17–8.24 × 10⁵ M^–1 s^–1) and phenols (0.22–5.49 × 10⁵ M^–1 s^–1) and support quantitative structure–activity analysis of phenol oxidation, advancing the mechanistic basis for selective oxidation in both catalysis and wastewater treatment.