Non-coding RNA-mediated gene regulation in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: molecular insights and emerging innovations.

Abstract

The accumulation of pathological markers, such as tau tangles and amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques, and progressive cognitive dysfunction are the markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The development of successful therapeutic plans requires exposure to the molecular mechanisms underlying AD development. The importance of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), and PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), in controlling gene expression and influencing the pathophysiology of disease has been brought to light by recent studies. With a focus on their role in important processes such tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and amyloid-beta formation, this study attempts to give a thorough overview of the several types of ncRNAs and their dysregulation in AD. The genetic variants that are associated with the function of ncRNA including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence ncRNA expression and activity, thereby impacting the susceptibility of individual towards AD. Furthermore, the impact of biomarkers of ncRNAs for early diagnosis and therapeutic option for intervention, highlighting most recent advancement in high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics facilitating ncRNA profiling has also being discussed. The integration of multi-omics approaches and artificial intelligence, new advancement for the complex relationship among ncRNAs and AD pathology are also discussed. The enhancement and understanding of ncRNAs could lead to the door for novel therapeutic concepts for the mitigation of AD progression, offering effective interventions in a disease that currently starves the curative treatments.