Thermophysical treatment technologies for chemical warfare agents sulfur mustard, sarin, and nerve agent VX – a review

IF 4.4 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Veera M. Boddu, Justin Morales, Mallikarjuna N. Nadagouda, Lukas Oudejans and Lance Brooks
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Abstract

Over the past few decades, technical advances have been made in the destruction of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) due to an enhanced understanding of reaction chemistries. This review focuses on summarizing the deactivation of the following CWAs: sulfur mustard (HD), sarin (GB), and nerve agent X (VX). This review includes multiple aspects of the agents, including chemical and physical properties, lethal doses, and common surrogates. However, the primary focus of the review is on various thermophysical approaches to deactivate these harmful chemical agents. Conventional deactivation technologies, including incineration and neutralization, are discussed along with advanced approaches, such as wet air oxidation, catalytic, and metal–organic frameworks (MOF) treatments. The review indicates that all three agents can be destroyed to nearly 100% Destruction and Removal Efficiency (DRE) with incineration, but at a high cost and with a significant energy demand, and only at secure, established facilities. Several countries have used incineration to reduce large volumes of CWA stockpiles. Other neutralization, wet air oxidation, and supercritical oxidation technologies are demonstrated at lab and pilot-scale levels to achieve 98–100% DRE depending on the operating conditions. Other relatively new technologies, such as catalytic deactivation and treatment using MOF, can achieve 70–100% efficiency but are still in the embryonic or laboratory development stage. Deactivation of CWAs with MOFs exhibit high degradation potential, reaching 100% DRE, but it may not be suitable for large volumes. Catalyst and MOF treatment may be ideal for deactivating small-volume CWA. However, further development and demonstrations are required.

Abstract Image

化学战剂芥子气、沙林和VX神经毒剂的热物理处理技术综述
在过去的几十年里,由于对反应化学的深入了解,化学战剂(CWAs)的销毁取得了技术进步。本文主要综述了硫芥(HD)、沙林(GB)和X神经毒剂(VX)等CWAs的失活研究进展。本文从化学和物理性质、致死剂量和常用替代品等多个方面综述了这些制剂。然而,回顾的主要焦点是各种热物理方法来灭活这些有害的化学剂。讨论了传统的失活技术,包括焚烧和中和,以及先进的方法,如湿空气氧化,催化和金属有机框架(MOF)处理。该审查表明,所有三种物质都可以通过焚烧达到接近100%的销毁和清除效率(DRE),但成本高,能源需求大,而且只能在安全的、已建立的设施中进行。一些国家已经使用焚烧来减少大量的化学武器库存。其他中和、湿空气氧化和超临界氧化技术在实验室和中试规模水平上进行了演示,根据操作条件可达到98-100%的DRE。其他相对较新的技术,如催化失活和MOF处理,可以达到70-100%的效率,但仍处于萌芽或实验室发展阶段。mof对CWAs的失活表现出很高的降解潜力,达到100%的DRE,但可能不适合大批量使用。催化剂和MOF处理可能是理想的小体积CWA失活。然而,需要进一步的开发和演示。
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CiteScore
1.90
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