Sensitivity optimization for lock-in detection in nitrogen-vacancy center-based magnetic sensing using resonance frequency tracking method

IF 5.1 3区材料科学 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS & FILMS

Diamond and Related Materials Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI:10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112832

Yaowu Lei , Feng Zhou , Dong Li , Dezhi Chen , Haoliang Hu , Xiaofei Li , Zihao Ouyang , Yuhao Li , Chen Zuo , Junchang Huang

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Abstract

The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamonds, known for their exceptional sensitivity, spatial resolution, and temperature adaptability, exhibit excellent magnetic field sensing capabilities. To address the time-consuming feature of the frequency-sweeping method, the resonance frequency tracking (RFT) method, based on lock-in detection, has been proposed and widely employed for real-time magnetic field measurements. To further improve the accuracy of this method, this study reports a sensitivity optimization strategy designed to minimize the fluorescence shot-noise-limited sensitivity and the magnetic noise sensitivity. Specifically, based on an all-fiber optical lock-in detection system, we investigate the coupling effects between laser power and microwave power on the fluorescence shot-noise sensitivity and the impact of modulation parameters of lock-in detection on the magnetic noise sensitivity. Furthermore, both simulation and experimental approaches are employed to investigate the mechanisms for optimizing magnetic noise sensitivity under the influence of hyperfine coupling induced by the ¹⁴N isotope. These results provide concrete sensitivity optimization measures for lock-in detection systems using the RFT method, which can be extended to other lock-in detection applications.

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基于共振频率跟踪方法的氮空位中心磁敏锁定检测灵敏度优化

金刚石中的氮空位（NV）中心以其卓越的灵敏度、空间分辨率和温度适应性而闻名，表现出优异的磁场感应能力。针对扫频法耗时的特点，提出了基于锁相检测的共振频率跟踪（RFT）方法，并广泛应用于实时磁场测量。为了进一步提高该方法的准确性，本研究报告了一种灵敏度优化策略，旨在最小化荧光射击噪声限制灵敏度和磁噪声灵敏度。具体而言，基于全光纤锁相探测系统，研究了激光功率和微波功率对荧光发射噪声灵敏度的耦合效应，以及锁相探测调制参数对磁噪声灵敏度的影响。此外，采用模拟和实验两种方法探讨了14N同位素诱导的超精细耦合影响下优化磁噪声灵敏度的机制。这些结果为使用RFT方法的锁定检测系统提供了具体的灵敏度优化措施，可以推广到其他锁定检测应用中。

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来源期刊

Diamond and Related Materials 工程技术-材料科学：综合

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

14.60%

发文量

702

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： DRM is a leading international journal that publishes new fundamental and applied research on all forms of diamond, the integration of diamond with other advanced materials and development of technologies exploiting diamond. The synthesis, characterization and processing of single crystal diamond, polycrystalline films, nanodiamond powders and heterostructures with other advanced materials are encouraged topics for technical and review articles. In addition to diamond, the journal publishes manuscripts on the synthesis, characterization and application of other related materials including diamond-like carbons, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and boron and carbon nitrides. Articles are sought on the chemical functionalization of diamond and related materials as well as their use in electrochemistry, energy storage and conversion, chemical and biological sensing, imaging, thermal management, photonic and quantum applications, electron emission and electronic devices. The International Conference on Diamond and Carbon Materials has evolved into the largest and most well attended forum in the field of diamond, providing a forum to showcase the latest results in the science and technology of diamond and other carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, and diamond-like carbon. Run annually in association with Diamond and Related Materials the conference provides junior and established researchers the opportunity to exchange the latest results ranging from fundamental physical and chemical concepts to applied research focusing on the next generation carbon-based devices.