Dual regulation of nanostructures and S-vacancy enabling ultra-high sodium storage performance for MoS2/carbon nanocage composites

Abstract

The combination of carbon nanocages and MoS₂ can effectively enhance the rate performance of anode materials. However, optimizing the design of composite structures to achieve a balance between high capacity and cycling stability still remains highly challenging. This work demonstrates the successful construction of vertical MoS₂ nanosheet arrays on carbon nanocages (MoS_2-x/CNC) with strategic S-vacancy engineering. The optimized anode (MoS_2-x/CNC3–1) delivers exceptional sodium storage capabilities for half-cell (225 mAh g⁻¹ over 3000 cycles at 10 A g⁻¹) and full-cell (capacity retention of 87 % after 100 cycles). The superior performance originates from a synergistic nanoarchitecture integrating three critical features of enhanced active sites, optimized ion diffusion channels and efficient charge carrier mobility.