Hybridization in natural fiber composites: Enhanced performance and sustainability

Abstract

Hybridization in natural fiber composites (NFCs) has emerged as a prominent strategy for enhancing mechanical, thermal, and environmental performance while maintaining their inherent ecological benefits. This comprehensive review systematically explores various hybridization approaches, including natural-natural fiber hybrids, natural-synthetic fiber hybrids, and the incorporation of microfillers, macrofillers, and nanofillers. Cutting-edge manufacturing techniques such as vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, autoclave molding, and additive manufacturing (3D printing) have significantly enhanced composite quality by mitigating critical challenges related to poor fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, moisture uptake, and variability in mechanical properties. Despite these advances, intrinsic limitations of natural fibers—including interfacial compatibility, moisture-induced degradation, and performance inconsistency—continue to impede widespread adoption. Economic considerations, balancing cost and performance, remain crucial to commercial feasibility. Life cycle assessments consistently underscore the environmental superiority of hybrid NFCs, highlighting their biodegradability and significantly lower carbon footprint relative to conventional synthetic composites. The review further highlights emerging trends toward fully bio-based resins, enhanced nanofiller reinforcements, and improved surface treatments designed to improve durability and scalability. Crucially, the establishment of standardized testing techniques and comprehensive long-term performance data under realistic service conditions is necessary to facilitate industrial integration. The rapid advancement of hybrid NFCs establishes them as promising materials for automotive, aerospace, construction, and biomedical sectors, highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary approach to align performance targets with sustainable development goals.