Advanced thermal management strategies in face masks: A review of material innovations and user comfort

Abstract

The widespread use of face masks for protection against airborne pathogens and environmental pollutants has introduced significant challenges related to thermal discomfort, particularly during prolonged wear in hot and humid environments. This review explores recent advancements in the design and material composition of face masks aimed at improving thermal comfort without compromising protective performance. Key developments include nanocomposite fibrous membranes, radiative thermal management, phase change materials (PCMs), and sustainable bio-based alternatives. Emphasis is placed on the integration of materials such as nanoporous polyethylene, silver-coated layers, and hexagonal boron nitride nanoparticles to enhance heat dissipation and antibacterial properties. Studies comparing thermal conductivity, skin temperature, and user comfort across various mask types are examined to assess the efficacy of these approaches. Additionally, the review highlights the development of sustainable, bio-based, and additive-free mask alternatives. While promising, the implementation of these technologies faces challenges including scalability, environmental impact, and user variability. This paper underscores the importance of material science and ergonomic design in advancing the next generation of face masks that effectively balance safety, comfort, and sustainability.