Livestock Grazing Management Influences Survival of Giant and Red Pandas in Southwest China

Abstract

Despite intensified global efforts in wildlife conservation, livestock grazing remained a critical factor driving habitat changes. The quantitative studies specifically addressing the impact of grazing on the habitat changes of giant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (Ailurus styani) were notably scarce. To address this knowledge gap, we used grazing data, environmental variables, and animal locations to evaluate the habitat preferences and spatial utilization patterns of giant and red pandas. The research results indicated that the preferred habitat of giant pandas progressively contracted as grazing intensity increased, whereas that of red pandas gradually expanded. However, the habitat suitability index (HSI) for both species declined. Furthermore, the spatial overlap degree in preferred habitats and the contribution of grazing factors in the habitat evaluation model progressively increased as grazing intensity increased. Our research also revealed that livestock was predominantly distributed in the marginal areas with the giant and red pandas. To mitigate grazing disturbance, giant and red pandas exhibited divergent habitat selection patterns. Specifically, red pandas tended to favor lower-altitude areas with steeper terrain under grazing pressure; giant pandas preferred steeper areas regardless of altitude. This study confirmed that grazing was a critical factor influencing the habitat selection of both giant and red pandas. Mitigating grazing pressure through targeted management interventions could significantly reduce this impact, offering a viable strategy for enhancing habitat conservation in the future. Our findings underscored the critical importance for wildlife protection departments in southwestern China to exercise greater caution when formulating and implementing grazing policies.