Sustainable Aquaculture in Thailand: Balancing Economic Growth and Ecological Integrity With North African Catfish Integration

Abstract

The introduction of the non-native North African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and its hybrids with Thailand’s native bighead catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) has been a turning point in Thailand’s aquaculture sector, affecting sustainable food production and economic growth. Although the global production of these species has significantly increased, a decline in catfish production has been observed in Thailand. This shift has raised concerns regarding the ecological impacts, disease transmission and resource competition with native species, leading to potential biodiversity loss. This review examined the implications of North African catfish and hybrid aquaculture on local ecosystems and socioeconomic conditions. The rapid growth and environmental adaptability of these fish pose threats to native species through competition and hybridisation. Effective management strategies, including the evaluation of market dynamics, biosecurity measures and the promotion of socially integrated entrepreneurship, are essential for addressing these challenges. Current aquaculture practices that prioritise short-term gains over long-term sustainability were scrutinised, emphasising the need for a One Health approach that integrates the health of ecosystems, humans and animals. Sustainable practices, such as integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) and the use of high-quality feed, are recommended to minimise ecological degradation. Finally, this review calls for the establishment of robust regulatory frameworks to ensure the long-term viability of the aquaculture sector and promote equitable economic benefits. By addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by the introduction of North African catfish, Thailand’s aquaculture industry can be enhanced for sustainability, contributing to food security while preserving ecological integrity.