Observed and Dark Diversity of Tree Species Are Driven by Historical and Current Forest Availability

IF 3.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ECOLOGY

Journal of Biogeography Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI:10.1111/jbi.70009

Ji-Zhong Wan, Chun-Jing Wang, Xiao-Dan Wang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Aim

Tree species diversity (TSD) is positively correlated with forest availability in both historical and current contexts, which, in turn, may influence ecosystem services. Both observed and dark diversity have been widely used for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem restoration. Therefore, exploring the drivers of both observed and dark diversity could contribute to ecosystem management and nature conservation. In this study, we examined whether historical and current forest availability drive observed and dark diversity in tree species.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Trees.

Methods

We obtained distribution data of the tree species, including their geographical coordinates, from a variety of databases and forest availability maps across different periods from the Historical Database of the Global Environment 3.3 (HYDE 3.3). Then, we used a hypergeometric method to estimate the species pool and dark diversity at the ecoregional scale based on pairwise associations among species, using species × species co-occurrence matrices. Finally, a general linear mixed model coupled with general additive models was used to explore the relationships between TSD (i.e., observed diversity, dark diversity, species pool, and community completeness) and forest availability.

Results

We found significant differences in TSD in different realms. Historical and current forest availability were drivers of TSD across different spatial and temporal scales. Observed diversity, dark diversity, and species pools showed a strong but lagged response to forest availability, whereas community completeness exhibited unlagged effects. Spatial differences in TSD could exist widely along the gradient of forest availability.

Main Conclusions

Forest management for TSD should be based on community completeness at appropriate temporal and spatial scales. Our study provides novel insights into the conservation of forest ecosystems using different TSD indices in relation to historical and current forest availability.

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树木物种的观测和暗多样性受历史和当前森林可利用性的驱动

目的树种多样性（TSD）在历史和当前背景下都与森林可利用性呈正相关，进而影响生态系统服务。观测和暗多样性已广泛应用于生物多样性保护和生态系统恢复。因此，探索观测多样性和暗多样性的驱动因素有助于生态系统管理和自然保护。在这项研究中，我们研究了历史和当前的森林可利用性是否驱动树种的观测和暗多样性。位置全球。分类单元树。方法从全球环境历史数据库3.3 （HYDE 3.3）中获取不同时期的森林可用性图和各种数据库中树种的地理坐标分布数据。在此基础上，采用超几何方法，基于物种间的两两关联，利用种×种共现矩阵估算了生态区域尺度上的物种库和暗多样性。最后，利用一般线性混合模型和一般加性模型，探讨了TSD（即观测多样性、暗多样性、物种库和群落完整性）与森林有效性之间的关系。结果发现不同领域的创伤后应激障碍有显著差异。历史和当前森林可利用性是不同时空尺度上TSD的驱动因素。观测多样性、暗多样性和物种库对森林有效度表现出强烈的滞后响应，而群落完整性则表现出不滞后的响应。在森林有效度梯度上，TSD的空间差异可能广泛存在。主要结论TSD的森林管理应在适当的时空尺度上以群落完整性为基础。我们的研究为森林生态系统的保护提供了新的见解，使用不同的TSD指数与历史和当前的森林可用性有关。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Biogeography 环境科学-生态学

CiteScore

7.70

自引率

5.10%

发文量

203

审稿时长

2.2 months

期刊介绍： Papers dealing with all aspects of spatial, ecological and historical biogeography are considered for publication in Journal of Biogeography. The mission of the journal is to contribute to the growth and societal relevance of the discipline of biogeography through its role in the dissemination of biogeographical research.