Two-Stage Bidding Strategy with Dispatch Potential of Electric Vehicle Aggregators for Mitigating Three-Phase Imbalance

Abstract

The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs) introduces transformative opportunities and challenges for the stability of distribution networks. Unregulated EV charging will further exacerbate the inherent three-phase imbalance of the power grid, while regulated EV charging will alleviate such imbalance. To systematically address this challenge, this study proposes a two-stage bidding strategy with dispatch potential of electric vehicle aggregators (EVAs). By constructing a coordinated framework that integrates the day-ahead and real-time markets, the proposed two-stage bidding strategy reconfigures distributed EVA clusters into a controllable dynamic energy storage system, with a particular focus on dynamic compensation for deviations between scheduled and real-time operations. A bi-level Stackelberg game resolves three-phase imbalance by achieving Nash equilibrium for inter-phase balance, with Ka-rush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) ensuring feasible solutions. The proposed coordinated framework is validated with different bidding modes includes independent bidding, full price acceptance, and cooperative bidding modes. The proposed two-stage bidding strategy provides an EVA-based coordinated scheduling solution that balances the economic efficiency and phase stability in electricity market.