The role of fractal patterns in modulating stress response and recovery in virtual indoor environments

Abstract

People spend most of their time in indoor spaces, where environmental factors can significantly influence well-being. Stress, a complex phenomenon involving both physiological and psychological responses to perceived threats or challenges, can impact health in both the short and long term. Therefore, identifying design strategies that mitigate stress in interior environments is essential. This study investigated the impact of incorporating fractal patterns with varying fractal dimensions into interior environments on occupants’ physiological stress. Using immersive virtual environments, fractals with three levels of fractal dimension were implemented as wall finishes in full-scale interior simulations. Participants’ skin conductance levels and heart rates were measured as they experienced mild stressors and subsequently recovered in these environments. Results indicated that exposure to mid-range fractals (FD = 1.3–1.5) had a positive influence on heart rate during recovery, suggesting their potential to support stress reduction. Additionally, a significant difference in skin conductance increase was observed among groups, with the lowest increase recorded in the low-FD (1.2) condition. The largest physiological contrast was found between the 1.2 and 1.5 FD groups. These findings suggest that specific fractal patterns can tangibly modulate physiological stress responses in interior environments.