From root to remedy: Exploring the pharmacological and nanomedical potential of Raphanus sativus

Abstract

Raphanus sativus (R. sativus), commonly known as radish, has been widely utilised in traditional medicine, particularly in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), due to its numerous medicinal properties. This study thoroughly analyses the pharmacological and therapeutic potential of R. sativus, highlighting its bioactive components, such as glucosinolates, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and isothiocyanates. These phytochemicals have shown various pharmacological actions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties. Recent breakthroughs in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have enhanced the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of bioactive substances, thereby improved their therapeutic effectiveness and broadened their potential uses in contemporary medicine. However, several challenges remain, including variability in phytochemical composition, a lack of comprehensive clinical studies, and the absence of standardized extraction and formulation protocols. Future investigations should focus on the isolation and characterization of novel bioactive compounds, elucidation of their mechanisms of action, and assessment of their potential synergistic effects with existing pharmaceuticals or medicinal plants. Integrating modern pharmacological approaches with traditional medicinal knowledge holds significant potential for the development of innovative natural therapeutics derived from Raphanus sativus, thereby contributing to the advancement of evidence-based herbal medicine.