Thermal flow of Al2O3–Cu–Ag/Water Nanofluid over a stretching surface with coriolis and Joule heating effects in porous media

Abstract

In this research work, we investigated thermal efficiency in the case of ternary-hybrid nanofluids through a three-dimensional stretching sheet in the presence of magnetic field, Daracy porous medium, and joule heating using Tiwari Das model. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations reduce to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by applying a suitable set of similarity transformations. The transformed ODEs are numerically solved by using MATLAB’s bvp4c solver. The effects of key parameters, including magnetic field strength, Darcy parameter, dimensionless Prandtl number, and Eckert number, on the velocity components and temperature distribution are analyzed through graphical representations. The results indicate that increasing the Eckert number significantly enhances the temperature of the ternary hybrid nanofluid. The effect of these parameter on skin friction $f^{\prime \prime }\left(0\right)$ and Nusselt number ${\theta }^{\prime }\left(0\right)$ are evaluated, reflecting variations in velocity gradients and surface heat transfer rate. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for engineering applications requiring efficient thermal management, such as electronic cooling, energy systems, and thermal processing in industrial machinery. The enhanced understanding of tri-hybrid nanofluid behavior under magnetic and porous media conditions can contribute to the development of advanced heat exchangers and improved performance in MHD-based thermal systems.