Mechanistic modeling and analysis of concrete abrasion patterns under oblique submerged sand-laden jet impingement

Abstract

This study proposes a two-dimensional mechanistic model to predict concrete abrasion under oblique submerged sand-laden jets, using sand-phase momentum as a key indicator. Improved formulations for velocity and axial concentration account for incomplete particle settling, with validation against published data yielding a mean relative error of 3.20 % and a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The model captures spatial momentum distributions and directional abrasion features across impact angles (20°–90°). Submerged experiments confirmed that abrasion concentrates near the jet axis, with geometry shaped mainly by normal momentum and elongated by tangential momentum. Critical normal momentum thresholds were quantified, revealing a time-dependent exponential decay. Overall, it offers new insights into submerged jet dynamics and robust framework for spatial abrasion prediction.