Sociodemographic predictors of depression among economically vulnerable mothers in urban Uruguay

Abstract

Background

Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting women twice as much as men. In Latin America, rates are double the global average. Uruguay, despite investing in mental health, has the continent’s highest and still-rising suicide rate.

Methods

We examine predictors of depression among a sample of economically vulnerable mothers in Uruguay (N = 467). Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Sociodemographic predictors were added in blocks using hierarchical regression with robust standard errors.

Results

On average, survey respondents were 29 years of age (SD = 6.65), with children aged 24 months (SD = 5.97). The average CES-D score was 6.9 (range 0–46), with 12 % of respondents at risk (CES-D ≥ 16). Mothers who had completed middle or secondary school had lower levels. In contrast, experiencing a negative economic shock in the past year and receiving government assistance were associated with higher depression. Mothers receiving government assistance were 8 percentage points more likely to be at risk of depression, suggesting a subgroup prevalence of ∼ 20 %- a figure that aligns closely with prior estimates in similar populations. Among subgroups, mothers (not receiving assistance) who worked part-time had higher CES-D scores than those working full-time.

Limitations

We rely on self-reported, cross-sectional data.

Conclusions

Indicators of economic strain predict increased depression levels among mothers in Uruguay. Higher education and full-time employment were protective factors. The elevated risk among mothers receiving government assistance highlights the need for integrated mental health and social support interventions.