Harnessing nanotechnology and bio-based agents: Advanced strategies for sustainable soybean nematode management

Abstract

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is an economically important crop that is widely used in livestock feed and industrial applications ranging from pharmaceuticals to bio-based materials. However, its productivity is threatened by plant-parasitic nematodes that cause root damage and facilitate secondary infections, resulting in estimated annual losses of USD 157 billion worldwide. Although widely used, the use of traditional nematicides is increasingly restricted owing to their environmental toxicity, low efficacy, and health risks. Consequently, eco-friendly alternatives, particularly those based on phytochemicals and microbial agents, have been developed. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enhanced the delivery, stability, and specificity of bio-based agents. This review explores the state-of-the-art strategies that integrate nanotechnology with natural nematicidal compounds and biological control agents for sustainable nematode management in soybeans. Emphasis was placed on the mechanisms of action, synergistic approaches, and the challenges associated with transitioning to field-scale applications.