Double-plunging structure of the Bond 4 event evidenced in new mid-Holocene stalagmite records from northern China

IF 4 1区地球科学 Q1 GEOGRAPHY, PHYSICAL

Global and Planetary Change Pub Date : 2025-09-12 DOI:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2025.105082

Quan Wang , Yingfang Cui , Kan Zhao , Jianshun Chen , Qingfeng Shao , Jianghu Lan , Liangcheng Tan , Lei Ding , Hongan Dong , Lili Dai , Yongjin Wang

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Abstract

The Holocene epoch is characterized by a series of centennial-scale abrupt climate events. However, the temporal framework and internal structure of the Bond 4 event remain poorly constrained owing to the limited availability of precisely dated, high-resolution proxy records. Here, we present multi-proxy (δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, and Mg/Ca) records from two precisely ²³⁰Th-dated stalagmites (XS4 and XS5) from Xingshan Cave in northern China, spanning the mid-Holocene (∼7.01–5.22 ka BP). Covariations in δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, and Mg/Ca suggest a coupling between East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) intensity (indicated by δ¹⁸O) and hydrological changes (indicated by δ¹³C and Mg/Ca) in our study region, supported by regional paleoclimate comparisons. Our analysis reveals a pronounced double-plunging structure during the Bond 4 event (∼6.21–5.82 ka BP), with two major plunges centered at ∼6.14 ka BP and ∼5.90 ka BP. The new evidence presented here suggests that solar activity paced the timing and structure of the event, while internal variabilities (e.g., Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and volcanic eruptions potentially amplified EASM weakening and drought severity. These findings highlight the complex interplay between external and internal forcing in shaping Holocene monsoon variability.

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中国北方中全新世石笋新记录中Bond 4事件的双俯冲构造

全新世的特征是一系列百年尺度的气候突变事件。然而，由于精确日期、高分辨率代理记录的可用性有限，Bond 4事件的时间框架和内部结构仍然没有得到很好的约束。本文对中国北部兴山洞的两个石笋（XS4和XS5）进行了多代（δ13C、δ18O和Mg/Ca）记录，时间跨度为230年，时间跨度为中全新世（~ 7.01-5.22 ka BP）。δ18O、δ13C和Mg/Ca的协变表明东亚夏季风（EASM）强度（δ18O）与水文变化（δ13C和Mg/Ca）之间存在耦合，区域古气候对比也支持了这一结果。我们的分析表明，在Bond 4事件（~ 6.21 ~ 5.82 ka BP）期间存在明显的双俯冲结构，其中两次主要的俯冲集中在~ 6.14 ka BP和~ 5.90 ka BP。这里提出的新证据表明，太阳活动决定了事件的时间和结构，而内部变率（如大西洋多年代际振荡和厄尔尼诺Niño-Southern振荡）和火山爆发可能加剧了东亚季风减弱和干旱的严重程度。这些发现强调了形成全新世季风变率的外部和内部强迫之间复杂的相互作用。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Global and Planetary Change 地学天文-地球科学综合

CiteScore

7.40

自引率

10.30%

发文量

226

审稿时长

63 days

期刊介绍： The objective of the journal Global and Planetary Change is to provide a multi-disciplinary overview of the processes taking place in the Earth System and involved in planetary change over time. The journal focuses on records of the past and current state of the earth system, and future scenarios , and their link to global environmental change. Regional or process-oriented studies are welcome if they discuss global implications. Topics include, but are not limited to, changes in the dynamics and composition of the atmosphere, oceans and cryosphere, as well as climate change, sea level variation, observations/modelling of Earth processes from deep to (near-)surface and their coupling, global ecology, biogeography and the resilience/thresholds in ecosystems. Key criteria for the consideration of manuscripts are (a) the relevance for the global scientific community and/or (b) the wider implications for global scale problems, preferably combined with (c) having a significance beyond a single discipline. A clear focus on key processes associated with planetary scale change is strongly encouraged. Manuscripts can be submitted as either research contributions or as a review article. Every effort should be made towards the presentation of research outcomes in an understandable way for a broad readership.