Mechanical and microstructural characterization of interlayer bonding in multi-material 3D-Printed concrete

IF 13.1 1区工程技术 Q1 CONSTRUCTION & BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

Cement & concrete composites Pub Date : 2025-09-20 DOI:10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2025.106308

Hou-Qi Sun , Jun-Jie Zeng , Shan-Shan Xie , Jun-Run Xia , Shiwei Yu , Yan Zhuge

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Layer-by-layer deposition in 3D-printed concrete (3DPC) facilitates functionally graded concrete (FGC) structures for sustainable construction. This study addresses the critical interfacial bonding challenge in multi-material systems by investigating printable alkali-activated concrete (AAC), normal concrete (NC), and engineered cementitious composite (ECC). Homogeneous concrete (HGC) and FGC specimens were fabricated, evaluating bonding strength evolution at 0–60 min intervals. Surface moisture content trends were monitored, revealing an overall decline with time, interrupted by a rebound at 30–45 min due to internal moisture redistribution. Results showed that the bonding strength in FGC specimens decreased linearly over time, whereas HGC specimens showed partial recovery at 45 min. Results quantified a linear decline in bonding strength for FGC specimens, with strength reduction reaching up to 32.25 % at 60 min compared to initial values. In contrast, HGC specimens exhibited partial recovery at 45 min, demonstrating strength restoration of up to 17.34 % relative to the 30 min interval. A multiscale analytical framework—combining molecular dynamics (MD), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and backscattered electron microscopy (BSE)—was employed to elucidate bonding mechanisms. MD simulations highlighted the importance of surface moisture for molecular-scale adhesion. MIP and BSE results confirmed that concrete type and interfacial moisture significantly influence pore structure and hydration, directly affecting bond strength. These findings offer critical insights into compatibility and time-dependent degradation in multi-material 3DPC.

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多材料3d打印混凝土层间粘结的力学和微观结构表征

在3d打印混凝土（3DPC）中逐层沉积有助于功能分级混凝土（FGC）结构的可持续建设。本研究通过研究可打印碱活化混凝土（AAC）、普通混凝土（NC）和工程胶凝复合材料（ECC），解决了多材料系统中关键的界面粘合挑战。制作均质混凝土（HGC）和均质混凝土（FGC）试件，评估0-60 min间隔内的粘结强度演变。监测表面水分含量的趋势，发现随着时间的推移，整体呈下降趋势，在30-45分钟，由于内部水分的再分配，出现反弹。结果表明，随着时间的推移，FGC试件的粘结强度呈线性下降，而HGC试件在45 min后出现部分恢复。结果量化了FGC试样的结合强度线性下降，与初始值相比，60分钟的强度下降高达32.25%。相比之下，HGC样品在45 min时表现出部分恢复，相对于30 min的时间间隔，强度恢复高达17.34%。采用多尺度分析框架——结合分子动力学（MD）、汞侵入孔隙度测定（MIP）和背散射电镜（BSE）——来阐明键合机制。MD模拟强调了表面湿度对分子尺度粘附的重要性。MIP和BSE结果证实，混凝土类型和界面水分显著影响孔隙结构和水化，直接影响粘结强度。这些发现为多材料3DPC的兼容性和时间依赖性降解提供了重要的见解。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Cement & concrete composites 工程技术-材料科学：复合

CiteScore

18.70

自引率

11.40%

发文量

459

审稿时长

65 days

期刊介绍： Cement & concrete composites focuses on advancements in cement-concrete composite technology and the production, use, and performance of cement-based construction materials. It covers a wide range of materials, including fiber-reinforced composites, polymer composites, ferrocement, and those incorporating special aggregates or waste materials. Major themes include microstructure, material properties, testing, durability, mechanics, modeling, design, fabrication, and practical applications. The journal welcomes papers on structural behavior, field studies, repair and maintenance, serviceability, and sustainability. It aims to enhance understanding, provide a platform for unconventional materials, promote low-cost energy-saving materials, and bridge the gap between materials science, engineering, and construction. Special issues on emerging topics are also published to encourage collaboration between materials scientists, engineers, designers, and fabricators.