Retrospective analysis of the clinical approach practiced in dog bite cases caused by Vipera latastei, Vipera seoanei and Vipera aspis

Abstract

Snakebites pose a significant public health risk to both humans and animals in many countries. In Spain, the presence of three viper species, Vipera latastei, Vipera seoanei, and Vipera aspis, complicates clinical management in veterinary settings. There is currently no standardized veterinary protocol for treating viper bites in many countries. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical approaches employed by Spanish veterinary centers in treating canine viper bites within the distribution range of these species. Data from 62 clinical cases across 58 veterinary centers were reviewed, including demographic information, clinical findings, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment for each biotope. The analysis found no demographic differences among the three species, except for variations in the identification methods (owner reports and clinical signs) used by veterinary centers. While main clinical findings (inflammation, edema, local pain) were generally consistent, differences in the incidence of hyperthermia and local necrosis were noted, particularly between Vipera seoanei and Vipera aspis. Only in V. aspis bite accidents were neurological signs of depression evident. Antivenom was not used in any of the protocols; however, centers utilized various pharmacological treatments (fluid replacement, opioids, glucocorticoids, antibiotics) depending on the region. The observed mortality rate (6.5 %) aligned with those reported for other European viper species. These findings establish a foundation for current practices in Spain, highlight key differences, and underscore the need for species-specific protocols in other countries, supporting the rationale for future targeted studies worldwide.