Spinning together agricultural and evo-devo research for Gynandropsis gynandra (spider plant).

Abstract

Background: Gynandropsis gynandra (Cleomaceae; formerly Cleome gynandra) is a leafy vegetable widely cultivated across Africa, uniquely positioned at the intersection of agricultural and evo-devo research. It is gaining recognition as an "opportunity crop", valued locally for its nutritional and medicinal properties with ongoing agricultural research aimed at the development of improved cultivars and agronomic practices. Concurrently, its close evolutionary proximity to Arabidopsis thaliana, combined with its contrasting traits, positions G. gynandra as a model for studying C₄ photosynthesis and floral development. Despite its relevance to both agricultural and evo-devo research, integration of findings between disciplines remains limited, hindered in part by inconsistent nomenclature and the lack of standardized morphological descriptors.

Scope: To address this disconnect, this review synthesizes findings from agricultural and evo-devo research on G. gynandra. We provide an overview of its phylogenetic placement, geographical distribution, agricultural and medicinal applications, phytochemical profile, genomic and genetic resources, and morphological traits. In doing so, we emphasize the duality of G. gynandra as both a crop of agronomic interest and a model for evo-devo studies. Finally, we propose future research directions to promote cross-disciplinary collaboration and expedite progress in G. gynandra research.

Conclusions: Advances in molecular tools have improved our understanding of the developmental mechanisms underlying key traits and physiological adaptations in G. gynandra, including C4 photosynthesis and antiherbivore defenses. Simultaneously, morphological studies have revealed distinctive floral features and substantial phenotypic diversity, offering valuable insights for both breeding initiatives and investigations into floral development. Integrating data and resources from agricultural and evo-devo research will accelerate the improvement of G. gynandra and broaden its utility as a model for understanding trait evolution and development.