Comprehensive lethal effects and transgenerational impact of Metarhizium anisopliae on Anopheles sinensis across all life stages

Abstract

Mosquitoes are major vectors of disease and pose a significant threat to public health. Chemical insecticides face resistance and environmental issues, prompting the need for eco-friendly alternatives such as entomopathogenic fungi. However, their potential across mosquito life stages remains underexplored. As a primary malaria vector in East Asia, Anopheles sinensis remains understudied in terms of biological control approaches.